Jump to page:
Sponsors:
Walleye II, as suggested by D. Guidry in a previous issue (Vol. 8,
Issue 3, Msg. 18). So, with a few bombs we can destroy an airbase within a tolerable risk factor.
In this second case we have to send before the strike a coverture group in high altitude (F14 or F15 may works well) to guarantee protection for the strikers.
A third chance is allotted in some scenarios (1990 Strike vs. Libya) of MEDC battleset: to strike with F111 configured guided. Here we didn't collect many data, but our impression is that the F111 is easily intercepted by enemy bandits or by SAM batteries. Very often, all squadrons of Aardvark were destroyed or heavily damaged before entering in operations area.
- Andrea Fontana (fontana@pavia.infn.it)
ANS: When striking an airbase using F-111s, try flying them at Vlow altitude. According to the Battlebook, the F-111s and Tornados have terrain-following radar installed. This is supposed to make it possible to fly these planes at Vlow altitude without having them crash (but it doesn't appear to always work! [bug? Ian]). Since many
Soviet-made SAMs cannot intercept planes flying that low, you're pretty much immune to SAMs that way. The bad guys and gals will also have a much harder time finding your planes on radar.
- Greg Brail (gjb@fig.citib.com)
QU: HOW DO YOU COORDINATE STRIKE PACKAGES TO SIMULTANEOUSLY ARRIVE AT
A TARGET ?
Both these answers were written with respect to the computer version, but
I guess they can be applied to the paper version too:
ANS: Keith Wain (POSTMASTER@MANADON-ENGINEERING-COLLEGE.AC.UK) told me that he was finishing a simple program that would do the necessary calculations, as well as a Harpoon hypertext database. Unfortunately
I have not been able to contact him since, and hence have not been able to find out any more. E-mail him if you are interested. [Ian]
ANS: The method I use to coordinate air strikes is quite labour-intensive, so I end up spending lots of time planning and punching numbers into my calculator. I have made a worksheet that has boxes for all the calculations I need to make for each group of aircraft - this makes the process much easier and serves as my "air tasking order." In general, I find that I can achieve accuracy of +/-30 sec. for simple air strikes. However, the more complex the flight plans and the more groups involved, the harder it is to achieve such coordination. Here is my method:
1. ALLOT FORCES - assign aircraft to the mission and ready them with appropriate loadouts.
2. PLAN STRIKE TIMING - determine the time at which the strike should begin. (Set the game clock to display current game time) I will refer to this time as H-Hour. For each group of planes involved, determine the number of minutes after H-Hour at which they should strike the target. Record this as "delta." Also, decide upon the general direction each group should attack the target from.
3. PLAN FLIGHT PATHS - decide specific flight paths for each group using a series of "navpoints." A navpoint can be any fixed reference point on the Group Map, such as the intersection of two grid lines or the intersection of a gridline and a coast line.
Designate one of the navpoints which is in friendly air-space as the "hold point" where the aircraft will loiter until it is time to send them on to the target. The last point of the course is where the final approach to the target will commence. Use as few points as possible to save effort and improve precision. Any altitude or speed changes required will have to happen at a navpoint, so plan accordingly.
4. CALCULATE FLIGHT TIME - determine the length of each leg of each flight path by clicking on each of the navpoints in succession.
As you do this, the distance between each click is displayed at the bottom of the screen. Be as precise as possible! Don't forget to find the distance between the launch site and the first navpoint, and the distance between the last navpoint and the target itself.
For each altitude/speed setting of each aircraft type, determine the speed (in knots) at which it will travel. (I do this by setting up a simple user scenario where I can launch the planes and record their speeds in a threat-less environment). Using the formula 'time = dist./rate', calculate the flight time. Be sure to subtract the ordnance range from the total distance. If your aircraft change speed in mid-course, you will have to calculate the flight times of each part of the course separately an add them up to get the total flight time. Multiply your result by 60 to get the time in minutes.
5. CALCULATE LAUNCH TIME
Launch = H-Hour + delta - flight time - 5 min. to form up
6. CALCULATE HOLD POINT DEPARTURE TIME - this should be calculated down to the second - this is what makes precise strikes possible.
Do the same calculations as in #4 & #5, but only for the portion of the flight path after the hold point. Also, don't subtract the 5 minutes of form-up time.
7. LAUNCH AIRCRAFT - at the calculated time, launch each group of aircraft on a patrol mission with the first navpoint as the destination.
8. ENTER FLIGHT PATHS - after each group is launched, use the Group
Course Editor to lay in the course you planned out by adding each of the legs. For the last navpoint, place an attack order. At the "hold point," tell the group to loiter. Place any altitude/speed orders that you planned for. At point #0, enter a Staff Note that says "Send AXA" or something similar. Calculate the time at which the message is displayed to be 10 seconds before the group's hold point departure time. This will give you time to find the group and issue the order to proceed on its course.
9. From this point onward, manage the forces as they prosecute the attack. When the "Send" notes come up, use the Set Group
Altitude/Speed command to send the groups on to the target.
- Jonathan L. Reimer (jlr8@po.CWRU.Edu)
QU: WHAT ARE SUITABLE BATTLE GROUP COMPOSITIONS ?
This bulk of this answer comes from Andrea Fontana (fontana@pavia.infn.it).
There were a few opinions concerning certain aspects of his article, which
I have enclosed in square brackets [...] in the relevant part. As this subject is subjective, these are not definitive answers. [Ian]
ANS: If we want to escort and protect a surface group, we have first to distinguish between the possible threats on it. The areas from which an attack can come are obviously three: the sky, the sea and the underwater environment. So that the safest choice is to dispose of platforms able to counterfire attacks of every type. Moreover we must place these platforms in the correct ring of the formation, trying to keep the most symmetrical disposition in the sectors in absence of bearing information on the enemy: this enhance the probability that we have the adequate platform in the threat zone, wherever this is.
If bearing is known the formation will be modified accordingly. The key is then to have some information on the platforms, on theirs weapons and attack/defense capability and on theirs best performances and lacks, and to manage this information in a smart way.
Here my suggestions, limited to Red escorts, from the Harpoon internal database and from the book: Antony preston, "Fighting Ships", Magna
Books (1989).
Let's suppose you have to protect a Soviet carrier group or a Soviet surface group with valuable ships, like Kirov, Slava or Kalinin. We than have the following scheme.
ANTI-AIRCRAFT PLATFORMS
In the AAW ring the defense from aircraft or missile attacks and the air attacks will be performed by strong AAW platforms, like the cruisers:
Kara: with SA-N-3B (30nm), SA-N-4 (8nm)
Slava: with SA-N-4, SA-N-6 (50nm) or the frigate
Krivak II: with SA-N-4
[ About that Krivak II, I believe that just as in the US Navy, the former
Soviet Navy never used frigates in deep sea formations. The Krivak series, although well armed for it's size, is mainly a platform for patrolling the territorial seas (i.e., VERY close to shore).
The US Navy does not use frigates for carrier protection because of the lack of speed, and previously, an overabundance of missile armed destroyers, but now with all the older missile armed destroyer being phased out, leaving only the 4 Kidd class destroyers and the "under built" Arleigh
Burke class, we may see frigates preforming carrier escort. Frigates are many for convoy protection.
- J. Taggart Gorman (jtgorman@cs.arizona.edu)
[Frigates are mainly used for picket patrols where you speed up a while and then slow down to use you sonar more effectively. - assembly15@bvc.edu (Suicidal Freshman)]
[ Frigates are commonly used in American CVBGs: KNOX class frigates are used as ASW platforms with their IVDS, SQS-26 sonars, and embarked LAMPS helicopters while O.H. PERRY class frigates are more general purpose escorts, being armed with the Mk 13 GMLS, TASS (towed array sonar), and
SH-60 helos. Their "slow" speed (29 knots max in each case) does not prevent them from operating with the carriers at all: they are relatively fast when compared to the AOR that accompanies the battlegroup to refuel and replenish the escorts.
- Kevin Soutor (ksoutor@unlinfo.unl.edu)]]
Moreover some of the ships in the main body have a good anti-air capability, and here the platform it depends on the type of group we want build up. In fact we can have some BCGN like:
Kirov: with SA-N-4, SA-N-6
Kalinin: with SA-N-6, SA-N-9 (8nm) which can defends themselves, and the carrier itself may use her aircraft to counterattack the strike. This depends on the carrier type. If we have a Kiev class, better to not use the Forgers which have little fighting capability and then rely on the missiles autodefense. Whereas if we have an Admiral Kusnetsov class use the
Fulcrums and the Su27s or the Freestyles, which are able to sustain an air combat and have a good AAW missile loadout.
ANTI-SURFACE PLATFORMS
The attack of surface groups is left to destroyers like:
Sovremenny: with SA-N-7 (60nm), SS-N-22 (65nm) or again to main body platforms like
Kirov: with SS-N-19 (250nm), SA-N-6 (Horiz), SA-N-4
Kalinin: with SS-N-19, SA-N-6
Again a carrier can launch her aircraft, configured for a surface attack, possibly standoff or guided, and the type it depends on carrier class. Occasionally we can add to the formation, in the pickets, a couple of submarines with ASuW capabilities, like:
Victor III: with Type 65 torpedo (54nm), Type 53-60 Trp (7.6nm)
Akula: with Type 65 torpedo
[ Unless Harpoon provides us with the never built successors to the
Kusnetsov, Soviet carriers will very rarely launch surface strike missions. Since the Kusnetsov barely carries half of the compliment of a
US carrier, and nearly all of these planes are truly fighters, 99% of the time, the fixed wing assets of a Soviet carrier will be used only in defense of the carrier, in a CAP-type role. In fact, I believe I read over in sci.mil that the navalized Fulcrum got cancelled, but I just might be hallucinating from the midday heat. So that just leaves navalized Flankers.
(To ford off speed boats with RPGs, or an outdated Osa class boat, keep around a couple of Ka-28s, armed with ATGMs. Those Spandrel missiles will take out a dinky tub like that and save you a Sunburn.)
- J. Taggart Gorman (jtgorman@cs.arizona.edu)]
ANTISUB PLATFORMS
In the ASW ring, we can place some destroyer like:
Udaloy: with Set-65 torpedo (11nm), SS-N-14 (30nm),
RBU 6000 (3.2nm) or some cruiser as
Kara: with Set-65 torpedo, RBU 6000, SS-N-14
Kresta II: with SS-N-14, RBU 6000 all with good torpedoes or antisub missiles. Again the main body ships can contribute if you have either:
Kirov: with SS-N-14, RBU 6000
Kalinin: with RBU 12000 (6nm) and a carrier or another ship equipped with helo pad can send her helos in searching and hunting the underwater contacts, with antisub loadout. Finally, if we add some submarine to the group, we can have another ASW platform and here the choice depends on the type of scenario and situation you want create.
That was my proposal to create an effective shield around an important soviet surface group. I've still not tried every configuration and possibility, but what I've suggested is based on a few experience, a few great defeat I sustained and on an attempt of systematic approach to the various situations.
- Andrea Fontana (fontana@pavia.infn.it)
ANS: Larry Cline (lcline@agora.rain.com) crossposted this from
SCI.MILITARY, detailing an actual US Navy CVBG composition:
In sci.military, clfpao@nctamslant.navy.mil (CINCLANTFLT PAO) writes:
NAVY NEWS SERVICE - 21 AUG 1992 - NAVNEWS 035/92
NNS 1. USS John F. Kennedy Group to Deploy
WASHINGTON (NNS) -- The USS John F. Kennedy's (CV 67) Battle Group will depart on a Mediterranean deployment replacing the Saratoga
Battle Group. The battle group, composed of 10 Atlantic Fleet ships, two submarines and a variety of aviation squadrons, are departing early to ensure the continued presence of a carrier battle group in the Mediterranean Sea. The Kennedy battle group will consist of:
Carrier Air Wing Three (CVW 3) USS Leyte Gulf (CG 55)
USS Wainwright (CG 28) USS Gettysburg (CG 64)
USS Caron (DD 970) USS Halyburton (FFG 40)
USS Capodanno (FF 1093) USS Kalamazoo (AOR 6)
USS McInerney (FFG 8) USS Puget Sound (AD 38)
USS Albuquerque (SSN 706) USS Seahorse (SSN 669)
The Kennedy Battle Group will be commanded by RADM James A. Lair,
Commander Carrier Group Two.
- Larry Cline (lcline@agora.rain.com)
**************************************
9. QUESTIONS STILL LOOKING FOR ANSWERS
**************************************
o WHY IS THE DIPPING SONAR ON THE NAVAL OSPREY MODELLED AS BEING SO
EFFECTIVE ?
o WHY DO AIRCRAFT THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE TERRAIN FOLLOWING RADAR (eg TORNADOs AND F-111s) STILL CRASH AT VLOW ?
o WHAT IS THE BEST CVBG/SAG DEFENSE AGAINST SUB ATTACKS ?
o HAS ANYONE WRITTEN ANY KIND OF PROGRAM OR SPREADSHEET TO ASSIST
HARPOON REFEREE'S IN PERFORMING TEDIOUS, OFTEN REPEATED
CALCULATIONS?
Sources:
~~~~~~~~
The main source of these questions has been postings to the Convergence
Zone mailing list. Also used though were the C.S.I.P.G.S Usenet newsgroup,
Harpoon Battlebook and various Harpoon manuals from Three-Sixty Pacific
Inc.
Full details:
Issue 3, Msg. 18). So, with a few bombs we can destroy an airbase within a tolerable risk factor.
In this second case we have to send before the strike a coverture group in high altitude (F14 or F15 may works well) to guarantee protection for the strikers.
A third chance is allotted in some scenarios (1990 Strike vs. Libya) of MEDC battleset: to strike with F111 configured guided. Here we didn't collect many data, but our impression is that the F111 is easily intercepted by enemy bandits or by SAM batteries. Very often, all squadrons of Aardvark were destroyed or heavily damaged before entering in operations area.
- Andrea Fontana (fontana@pavia.infn.it)
ANS: When striking an airbase using F-111s, try flying them at Vlow altitude. According to the Battlebook, the F-111s and Tornados have terrain-following radar installed. This is supposed to make it possible to fly these planes at Vlow altitude without having them crash (but it doesn't appear to always work! [bug? Ian]). Since many
Soviet-made SAMs cannot intercept planes flying that low, you're pretty much immune to SAMs that way. The bad guys and gals will also have a much harder time finding your planes on radar.
- Greg Brail (gjb@fig.citib.com)
QU: HOW DO YOU COORDINATE STRIKE PACKAGES TO SIMULTANEOUSLY ARRIVE AT
A TARGET ?
Both these answers were written with respect to the computer version, but
I guess they can be applied to the paper version too:
ANS: Keith Wain (POSTMASTER@MANADON-ENGINEERING-COLLEGE.AC.UK) told me that he was finishing a simple program that would do the necessary calculations, as well as a Harpoon hypertext database. Unfortunately
I have not been able to contact him since, and hence have not been able to find out any more. E-mail him if you are interested. [Ian]
ANS: The method I use to coordinate air strikes is quite labour-intensive, so I end up spending lots of time planning and punching numbers into my calculator. I have made a worksheet that has boxes for all the calculations I need to make for each group of aircraft - this makes the process much easier and serves as my "air tasking order." In general, I find that I can achieve accuracy of +/-30 sec. for simple air strikes. However, the more complex the flight plans and the more groups involved, the harder it is to achieve such coordination. Here is my method:
1. ALLOT FORCES - assign aircraft to the mission and ready them with appropriate loadouts.
2. PLAN STRIKE TIMING - determine the time at which the strike should begin. (Set the game clock to display current game time) I will refer to this time as H-Hour. For each group of planes involved, determine the number of minutes after H-Hour at which they should strike the target. Record this as "delta." Also, decide upon the general direction each group should attack the target from.
3. PLAN FLIGHT PATHS - decide specific flight paths for each group using a series of "navpoints." A navpoint can be any fixed reference point on the Group Map, such as the intersection of two grid lines or the intersection of a gridline and a coast line.
Designate one of the navpoints which is in friendly air-space as the "hold point" where the aircraft will loiter until it is time to send them on to the target. The last point of the course is where the final approach to the target will commence. Use as few points as possible to save effort and improve precision. Any altitude or speed changes required will have to happen at a navpoint, so plan accordingly.
4. CALCULATE FLIGHT TIME - determine the length of each leg of each flight path by clicking on each of the navpoints in succession.
As you do this, the distance between each click is displayed at the bottom of the screen. Be as precise as possible! Don't forget to find the distance between the launch site and the first navpoint, and the distance between the last navpoint and the target itself.
For each altitude/speed setting of each aircraft type, determine the speed (in knots) at which it will travel. (I do this by setting up a simple user scenario where I can launch the planes and record their speeds in a threat-less environment). Using the formula 'time = dist./rate', calculate the flight time. Be sure to subtract the ordnance range from the total distance. If your aircraft change speed in mid-course, you will have to calculate the flight times of each part of the course separately an add them up to get the total flight time. Multiply your result by 60 to get the time in minutes.
5. CALCULATE LAUNCH TIME
Launch = H-Hour + delta - flight time - 5 min. to form up
6. CALCULATE HOLD POINT DEPARTURE TIME - this should be calculated down to the second - this is what makes precise strikes possible.
Do the same calculations as in #4 & #5, but only for the portion of the flight path after the hold point. Also, don't subtract the 5 minutes of form-up time.
7. LAUNCH AIRCRAFT - at the calculated time, launch each group of aircraft on a patrol mission with the first navpoint as the destination.
8. ENTER FLIGHT PATHS - after each group is launched, use the Group
Course Editor to lay in the course you planned out by adding each of the legs. For the last navpoint, place an attack order. At the "hold point," tell the group to loiter. Place any altitude/speed orders that you planned for. At point #0, enter a Staff Note that says "Send AXA" or something similar. Calculate the time at which the message is displayed to be 10 seconds before the group's hold point departure time. This will give you time to find the group and issue the order to proceed on its course.
9. From this point onward, manage the forces as they prosecute the attack. When the "Send" notes come up, use the Set Group
Altitude/Speed command to send the groups on to the target.
- Jonathan L. Reimer (jlr8@po.CWRU.Edu)
QU: WHAT ARE SUITABLE BATTLE GROUP COMPOSITIONS ?
This bulk of this answer comes from Andrea Fontana (fontana@pavia.infn.it).
There were a few opinions concerning certain aspects of his article, which
I have enclosed in square brackets [...] in the relevant part. As this subject is subjective, these are not definitive answers. [Ian]
ANS: If we want to escort and protect a surface group, we have first to distinguish between the possible threats on it. The areas from which an attack can come are obviously three: the sky, the sea and the underwater environment. So that the safest choice is to dispose of platforms able to counterfire attacks of every type. Moreover we must place these platforms in the correct ring of the formation, trying to keep the most symmetrical disposition in the sectors in absence of bearing information on the enemy: this enhance the probability that we have the adequate platform in the threat zone, wherever this is.
If bearing is known the formation will be modified accordingly. The key is then to have some information on the platforms, on theirs weapons and attack/defense capability and on theirs best performances and lacks, and to manage this information in a smart way.
Here my suggestions, limited to Red escorts, from the Harpoon internal database and from the book: Antony preston, "Fighting Ships", Magna
Books (1989).
Let's suppose you have to protect a Soviet carrier group or a Soviet surface group with valuable ships, like Kirov, Slava or Kalinin. We than have the following scheme.
ANTI-AIRCRAFT PLATFORMS
In the AAW ring the defense from aircraft or missile attacks and the air attacks will be performed by strong AAW platforms, like the cruisers:
Kara: with SA-N-3B (30nm), SA-N-4 (8nm)
Slava: with SA-N-4, SA-N-6 (50nm) or the frigate
Krivak II: with SA-N-4
[ About that Krivak II, I believe that just as in the US Navy, the former
Soviet Navy never used frigates in deep sea formations. The Krivak series, although well armed for it's size, is mainly a platform for patrolling the territorial seas (i.e., VERY close to shore).
The US Navy does not use frigates for carrier protection because of the lack of speed, and previously, an overabundance of missile armed destroyers, but now with all the older missile armed destroyer being phased out, leaving only the 4 Kidd class destroyers and the "under built" Arleigh
Burke class, we may see frigates preforming carrier escort. Frigates are many for convoy protection.
- J. Taggart Gorman (jtgorman@cs.arizona.edu)
[Frigates are mainly used for picket patrols where you speed up a while and then slow down to use you sonar more effectively. - assembly15@bvc.edu (Suicidal Freshman)]
[ Frigates are commonly used in American CVBGs: KNOX class frigates are used as ASW platforms with their IVDS, SQS-26 sonars, and embarked LAMPS helicopters while O.H. PERRY class frigates are more general purpose escorts, being armed with the Mk 13 GMLS, TASS (towed array sonar), and
SH-60 helos. Their "slow" speed (29 knots max in each case) does not prevent them from operating with the carriers at all: they are relatively fast when compared to the AOR that accompanies the battlegroup to refuel and replenish the escorts.
- Kevin Soutor (ksoutor@unlinfo.unl.edu)]]
Moreover some of the ships in the main body have a good anti-air capability, and here the platform it depends on the type of group we want build up. In fact we can have some BCGN like:
Kirov: with SA-N-4, SA-N-6
Kalinin: with SA-N-6, SA-N-9 (8nm) which can defends themselves, and the carrier itself may use her aircraft to counterattack the strike. This depends on the carrier type. If we have a Kiev class, better to not use the Forgers which have little fighting capability and then rely on the missiles autodefense. Whereas if we have an Admiral Kusnetsov class use the
Fulcrums and the Su27s or the Freestyles, which are able to sustain an air combat and have a good AAW missile loadout.
ANTI-SURFACE PLATFORMS
The attack of surface groups is left to destroyers like:
Sovremenny: with SA-N-7 (60nm), SS-N-22 (65nm) or again to main body platforms like
Kirov: with SS-N-19 (250nm), SA-N-6 (Horiz), SA-N-4
Kalinin: with SS-N-19, SA-N-6
Again a carrier can launch her aircraft, configured for a surface attack, possibly standoff or guided, and the type it depends on carrier class. Occasionally we can add to the formation, in the pickets, a couple of submarines with ASuW capabilities, like:
Victor III: with Type 65 torpedo (54nm), Type 53-60 Trp (7.6nm)
Akula: with Type 65 torpedo
[ Unless Harpoon provides us with the never built successors to the
Kusnetsov, Soviet carriers will very rarely launch surface strike missions. Since the Kusnetsov barely carries half of the compliment of a
US carrier, and nearly all of these planes are truly fighters, 99% of the time, the fixed wing assets of a Soviet carrier will be used only in defense of the carrier, in a CAP-type role. In fact, I believe I read over in sci.mil that the navalized Fulcrum got cancelled, but I just might be hallucinating from the midday heat. So that just leaves navalized Flankers.
(To ford off speed boats with RPGs, or an outdated Osa class boat, keep around a couple of Ka-28s, armed with ATGMs. Those Spandrel missiles will take out a dinky tub like that and save you a Sunburn.)
- J. Taggart Gorman (jtgorman@cs.arizona.edu)]
ANTISUB PLATFORMS
In the ASW ring, we can place some destroyer like:
Udaloy: with Set-65 torpedo (11nm), SS-N-14 (30nm),
RBU 6000 (3.2nm) or some cruiser as
Kara: with Set-65 torpedo, RBU 6000, SS-N-14
Kresta II: with SS-N-14, RBU 6000 all with good torpedoes or antisub missiles. Again the main body ships can contribute if you have either:
Kirov: with SS-N-14, RBU 6000
Kalinin: with RBU 12000 (6nm) and a carrier or another ship equipped with helo pad can send her helos in searching and hunting the underwater contacts, with antisub loadout. Finally, if we add some submarine to the group, we can have another ASW platform and here the choice depends on the type of scenario and situation you want create.
That was my proposal to create an effective shield around an important soviet surface group. I've still not tried every configuration and possibility, but what I've suggested is based on a few experience, a few great defeat I sustained and on an attempt of systematic approach to the various situations.
- Andrea Fontana (fontana@pavia.infn.it)
ANS: Larry Cline (lcline@agora.rain.com) crossposted this from
SCI.MILITARY, detailing an actual US Navy CVBG composition:
In sci.military, clfpao@nctamslant.navy.mil (CINCLANTFLT PAO) writes:
NAVY NEWS SERVICE - 21 AUG 1992 - NAVNEWS 035/92
NNS 1. USS John F. Kennedy Group to Deploy
WASHINGTON (NNS) -- The USS John F. Kennedy's (CV 67) Battle Group will depart on a Mediterranean deployment replacing the Saratoga
Battle Group. The battle group, composed of 10 Atlantic Fleet ships, two submarines and a variety of aviation squadrons, are departing early to ensure the continued presence of a carrier battle group in the Mediterranean Sea. The Kennedy battle group will consist of:
Carrier Air Wing Three (CVW 3) USS Leyte Gulf (CG 55)
USS Wainwright (CG 28) USS Gettysburg (CG 64)
USS Caron (DD 970) USS Halyburton (FFG 40)
USS Capodanno (FF 1093) USS Kalamazoo (AOR 6)
USS McInerney (FFG 8) USS Puget Sound (AD 38)
USS Albuquerque (SSN 706) USS Seahorse (SSN 669)
The Kennedy Battle Group will be commanded by RADM James A. Lair,
Commander Carrier Group Two.
- Larry Cline (lcline@agora.rain.com)
**************************************
9. QUESTIONS STILL LOOKING FOR ANSWERS
**************************************
o WHY IS THE DIPPING SONAR ON THE NAVAL OSPREY MODELLED AS BEING SO
EFFECTIVE ?
o WHY DO AIRCRAFT THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE TERRAIN FOLLOWING RADAR (eg TORNADOs AND F-111s) STILL CRASH AT VLOW ?
o WHAT IS THE BEST CVBG/SAG DEFENSE AGAINST SUB ATTACKS ?
o HAS ANYONE WRITTEN ANY KIND OF PROGRAM OR SPREADSHEET TO ASSIST
HARPOON REFEREE'S IN PERFORMING TEDIOUS, OFTEN REPEATED
CALCULATIONS?
Sources:
~~~~~~~~
The main source of these questions has been postings to the Convergence
Zone mailing list. Also used though were the C.S.I.P.G.S Usenet newsgroup,
Harpoon Battlebook and various Harpoon manuals from Three-Sixty Pacific
Inc.
Full details:
Jump to page:
Sponsors:
Other files from this game:
- Harpoon FAQ by System on 09/03/2006, 09:50